Animal Testing: Not Very Reliable or Safe for Human Safety

Animal Testing Nowadays there are many companies that test their products on animals such as makeup and painkillers. Not many people pay attention to this fact, but in actuality they should. Excuses for companies using animals for testing are that they have similarities in their tissues and DNA. Though parts of the human body vs. an animal’s body may have similarities but people must keep in mind that we are two totally different species. Science shows that animals rarely serve as good models for the human body so why would we feel safe with the product anyways.The best thing for us to do is test out products on other humans so then we can get reliable and accurate results. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) stated that 92% of all drugs that are shown to be safe and effective in animal testing fail in human trials; from this information you can see that testing on animals isn't very reliable or safe for our safety and health. Also, it was said in multiple science journals that testing on animals would be a waste of time and life, both human and animal. Testing on animals is dangerous for both species.Other than the lack of similarities between the two, animal testing could lead to the spread of disease. For example, say my company is testing a new allergenic pill in chickens but it goes terribly wrong s d ills the animals, now I must find a way to dispose of them and if it’s not done properly, and someone gets their hands on the one of the tested animals and tries to eat it there's a high possibility that the consumer will become ill as well and end up spreading their illness to surrounding people, causing an outbreak. This could all be prevented if animal testing were to be banned. Thankfully, as of right now this has yet to happen, YET.Once again, we shouldn't test our products on animals because animals are helpless and have no say in the matter. With humans, we are able to voice our opinion and position on a subject so if we are Bering ask ed of something that we aren't comfortable participating in, then we don't have to, on the other hand; an animal cannot in any means voice their opinion to a human. If they don't wish to partake in these trials how would we have any way of knowing? More on, if you are I keep forcing these animals to participate in these tests this will make the animal vicious and dangerous leading on to having to ‘put down' the animal.If you keep abusing a species like this over time, you will be seen as a threat and that will be taught to the offspring, so in and so forth. If that were to happen we shouldn't even hope to get close to that animal anymore, they are traumatizing these species. Furthermore, animal testing is absolutely pointless because it is taking up entirely too much if the government’s money. We, as a hole, ate already in debt to chins at 1. 16 trillion dollars, but we choose to continue paying just about 200billion dollars in a yearly basis to animal testing just fit cancer alone.

Successful Public Relations Campaigns

Successful public relations campaigns no longer have to stop at billboards, store greeters and newspapers. In this age of social networking, media and technology, there are numerous opportunities to explore various methods of implementing effective public relations campaigns and a variety of companies have been capitalizing on these different methods. Following, you will see examples of employing the Internet, nature and a host of other methods in order to catch the eye and attention of consumers.In this day, the options are so vast that marketing, advertising and PR professionals have their work cut out for them. In February 2011, Rayovac initiated a Rapid-Response Twitter campaign to engage consumers who likely had spare time on their hands due to the snowstorm that a big part of the country was experiencing. The campaign was essentially a virtual snowball fight that included consumer changing their profile picture to a Rayovac-branded avatar and each related tweet utilized the has htag #snowball.The virtual snowball fight lasted for roughly 48 hours and thereafter Rayovac hosted a two hour snow day tweet-up where Rayovac followers could tweet about the weather in their area, activities they partook in and weather related trivia complete with prizes. This particular campaign was seemingly successful, generating 1188 click-throughs to retrieve the branded avatar, becoming a worldwide trending topic (#TT) and a 30% increase in Twitter followers. With the popularity of Twitter, this was a genius marketing/public relations plan.It gave consumers something to do while home on their snow days and one could assume that some participants were introduced and others may have become more familiar with the brand Rayovac. There’s not much that I would have done differently. I think that the only component that was missing was something to target the non-Twitter users. Since this was solely an online public relations effort, this same campaign could have been tweaked a bit to have also been done on Facebook, Google Plus or another site for those who do not use Twitter. Converse has taken one of their current PR stunts to the streets of Australia.Strategically placed in all of Australia’s major cities such as Sydney, Melbourne and Perth are fire emergency type boxes that contain a pair of sneakers behind a glass window. The slogan of the campaign is, â€Å"Let’s Take This Outside† and written across the top of each fire box is, â€Å"IN CASE OF EMERGENCY, BREAK GLASS. † Upon breaking the glass, one can actually retrieve a pair of free, brand new, Converse tennis shoes. The sneakers being spotlighted are from the 2012 Chuck Taylor All Star collection. This feat has been constructed to bring awareness to the brand as well as fully engage the citizens of Australia via a few different means.There are clues on the company’s website as well as their Facebook page in a picture album leading consumers to the locations of these fire boxes. Converse has similar PR stunts going on in other countries as well. This campaign fully encompasses every facet of consumerism. From the scavenger hunt-type clues to encouraging giving to one another if they find shoes that are the wrong size to capitalizing on the public’s love of free goods, this is a fun, genius public relations task that will run through June 10, 2012.I can’t think of a single thing that could be done differently. Converse utilized every form of media. No stone was left unturned. Print media, online social networks, in-store advertisements and television commercials were all incorporated. Even the â€Å"prizes† themselves are outside and available to those who are off the grid. There is no discriminating demographic either, because the target audience is anyone who wears sneakers. This was well planned, very well executed and done in such a way that is preventing mass hysteria.I think that would be the only apprehension that I would have as a company is public reaction since everyone would be interested in a free pair of sneakers. I’m certain there were many precautions that had to be taken in order for this to come to fruition. Zoning, permits, and backing from law enforcement departments had to be among the kinks that needed to be worked out, but they dealt with them in a way that is seemingly flawless. Converse has managed to concoct the perfect formula to keep the campaign enjoyable and safe.

Perceived risk & gambling Essay

As of 2008, there were more than 2,000 internet gambling sites worldwide; with combined revenue of these websites being estimated to be north of $18 billion (Overview of Gambling Regulations, 2008). Due to its obscene rate of growth, potential harm to its consumers and growing ease of accessibility, internet gambling is viewed by many as a major cause for concern. Don’t expect the apprehension towards online gambling to ease up any time soon. Casinos, of both the online and brick-and-mortar variety are expected to aggressively increase their marketing budget over the next half decade. With online gambling recently legalized in Nevada, and many states preparing to follow suit, Simon Holliday, director at H2 Gambling Capital predicts that nearly $4 billion could be spent by the internet gaming sector over the next five years (Jackpot! , 2012). The Gambling Act of 2005 was introduced to modernize gambling regulations. The act brought increased marketing freedom for gambling companies, but only along with responsibility regarding the advocacy of the potential dangers of addiction. It also required the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policy and the anticipated goal was to introduce, acknowledge and bring to light to substantial harm which can stem from problematic gambling. According to the Gambling Act of 2005, in order for a company to obtain their license and legally operate in the marketplace they had to ensure that: i. Gambling is conducted in a fair and open way; ii. Children and other vulnerable people are protected from being harmed or exploited by gambling; and iii. Assistance is made available to people who are, or may be, affected by problems related to gambling. (GamCare: gambling research, education & treatment) With the changing landscape in the industry, it is fair to question whether these regulations are still relevant, and more even importantly, whether companies are still operating within the bounds of the Gambling Act of 2005. Technological advances have led to online websites readily available around the clock, potentially made gambling available to minors (via online casinos, online sports betting) and lost control of potential hazards concerning online users, those being: sobriety (users drunk/high while on a online gaming site); awareness (many ads online promoting gambling, very few raising awareness); and whom is using the sites (minors, youth, seniors, or problematic/addictive users). All of this unsurprisingly raises concerns regarding whether the current regulations are equipped to handle both current and future gambling disputes. Gambling consumption has no doubt increased over the past decade, and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future as regulations are expected to loosen while the marketing budget of online casinos are expected to abruptly expand (Jackpot! , 2012). The bulk of the marketing expenditures will be geared towards youth via interactive media sources; interactive online ad-agencies figure to be the main beneficiary. Though casinos will continue marketing to those who frequent physically existing casinos (a crowd mainly over 50) via television, magazine and billboard advertisements, the majority of the expanded marketing budget figures to be aimed at online users – the vast majority of which are in their 20’s (Jackpot, 2012). There seems to be an array of ethical concerns tied into all of this – whether children and â€Å"other vulnerable people† are still protected from potential harm, how readily available is assistance to those who are affected and is it being outweighed by the onslaught on pro-gambling marketing, concerns regarding online gambling (sobriety, minors, problem identification), and ultimately whether the advocacy is still a priority. A widespread fact in the gambling industry is that 20% of the gambling population accounts for 80% of the gambling industry’s revenue (Galanda, 2007), essentially implying that when evaluating the entire gambling population, 20% are pouring a considerable amount of money into the industry and could potentially be labelled as problematic gamblers. With casinos paying more money and attention to marketing, and marketing research, they are able to identify the age, demographics, frequency and income of their market. Via frequent gambler cards, visas and other channels (surveys for points/credits, casino identification/reloadable slot cards), casinos are able to pick and choose who they zero their marketing efforts in on, whether that be seniors, twenty-somethings or potentially the 20% we earlier identified as problematic gamblers. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) was incorporated into the Gambling Act (2005) as a means of regulatory control and functions as a built-in, self-regulating instrument intended to designate ethical standards to which companies must adhere to. Gambling companies possessing information about their customers, and using this information to formulate a marketing strategy and plan, raises ethical concerns and seeds the question of whether this type of behaviour corresponds to the regulations and ethical policies within CSR. Three main differences between gambling now and nearly a decade ago when the Gambling Act was introduced are: (1) distribution channels have increased accessibility to gambling and exposure to gambling promotion; (2) the technological innovation developed by online casinos is tremendously exceeding government control efforts; and (3) gambling has simply become an international phenomenon – the gambling population is aggressively expanding (Social Marketing & Problem Gambling, 2011). Though the effects and consequences of problem gambling are more extreme and common than ever, the reasons described above explain why it is so difficult for government to control the issue, and moreover why the trend is currently liberalizing ideologies rather than attacking the corporations and addressing the underlying issues.

Balinese Trance Performances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Balinese Trance Performances - Essay Example But in the view of the vast majority of other traditions, speech, as the mode of communication of ordinary reality, is singularly unsuited for this purpose. It is but a hardly audible knock on the very thick wall separating humans from the spirit realm. In fact, humans have to make a truly heroic effort to be noticed on the other side. Merely talking, falling into a worshipful mood, feeling "transcendent," "numinous, or "oceanic," or whatever other pompous words are listed in the dictionary, simply will not do. Instead humans, if they have the urgent necessity or desire to squeeze through the chinks in the wall, need to change the very functioning of their bodies in the most radical way. The term summarizing these changes is religious trance, one of a large group of altered state of consciousness of which humans are capable. It is termed religious because observation shows that it is the one occurring in religious context, that is, when contact is made with the alternate, the sacred, reality." (9) Trance when used in the context of highly spiritual, religious and exotic forms of dance or dance drama like Balinese Trance Performance relates t... igious and exotic forms of dance or dance drama like Balinese Trance Performance relates to a scenario where the performer gets into an altered state of thinking where he/she engages with his/her environment in a highly imaginative and structurally organized engagement. This is the result of sustained involvement of the performer with the performance and the character of the performance whereby there is an easy movement between the performer and the character in terms of personality and mental disposition. Richard Schechner mentions in his work that even naturalistic actors affirm that something happens to them psychologically and physiologically during a performance. A two way process unfolds simultaneously. The first is the one shaped by author and director, the play and the mise-en-scene. But just as important is the more evanescent process of the performer. The play and mise-en-scene have a quality of having-been-lived, while the performance has the quality of living now. The play will be completed only if the performers are able to carry through the process they start afresh each night. That process cannot be rehearsed. (46) It is said about Balinese Trance performance that once the performer gets into the shoes of the character, there is total absorption of the personality of the character in terms of body movements, facial expressions and speech. It is as if there is a generation of extraordinary amount of energy in the body of the performer in the form of an outside being entering the body and the soul in the form of an Angel, Demon or other higher Spirits and Deities. Jane Belo in his work Trance in Bali, elucidates in the context of Balinese trance performances that if human beings went into states of trance, they were believed to be entered by

Investigating the Employee Perception on the Effectiveness of Training Research Proposal

Investigating the Employee Perception on the Effectiveness of Training and Development in the Food and Beverage Department at the Grand Hyatt Macau - Research Proposal Example The study will be particularly helpful for the management of the Grand Hyatt hotel in Macau as they can explore the existing weakness in the systems and devise strategies to remove these weaknesses. It will also help them to improve the perceptions that the employees have towards the existing management programs.Literature reviewConceptual Framework Definition of training and development According to the definition provided by Armstrong and Taylor (2014), training can be described as a systematic development of attitude, skills, and knowledge that is required to perform an assigned task in a proficient manner. Training and development programs can help an individual to improve his level of skills and achieve superior quality performance.Definition of perception of employeesPerception of employees towards the human resource practices of the organization is grounded in the theory of perceived organizational support. Perceived organizational support can be linked to the aspect of belief or perception that employees have towards their organization. It implies that, if employees feel the organization is committed to their development then they are likely to be more loyal to the organization. According to the research of Klimoski and Donahue (2001), the theory of cognitive psychology describes perception as â€Å"the cognitive event by which a person gives meaning to eac h situation/stimulus accordingly to his/her values, beliefs and attitudes†.The relationship between employee perception and training and developmentThere is a strong relationship between perception of employee and the effectiveness of the training and development programs. The works of researchers like Meyer and Smith (2000) had shown that perceptions about training and development are closely related to the outcome that can be obtained from the training program. Their research had suggested that intrinsic motivation of employees is highly affected by effective training and development programs.

What I Learned from Getting Knocked Around by Steve Macone Essay

What I Learned from Getting Knocked Around by Steve Macone - Essay Example Reducing a conflict into bits of a puzzle allows the parties understand it more and construct a conclusion from such a conflict. As such it requires the reader to ask themselves exactly what the arguments are and how the arguments are put together in the conflict. Steve Macone’s piece â€Å"What I learned from getting knocked around† alludes heavily to his profile history and background. The subject and thesis is curved from an almost too popular topic of football a game that is not just a national sport but a source of entertainment for many across the globe. It is a symbol for society and common uniting factor for most audiences. This makes it an even broader thesis and serves to offer a wide background for the interplay of conflict and the presentation of ideas. He presents the subject with a resounding naivity and allows the piece to grow the subject from ground zero letting us through a trip into the world of football. The subject is discussed in the simplicity of the occurrence of the events from a naà ¯ve and unfamiliar perspective leaving out the specific expert details and rules. It is an innocent bystanders approach and explanation of football that gives an account of what football is all about. The purpose of the article falls back to the authors profile and history as an entertainer and comedian. He is in a strict sense and with regard to his accomplishments a crowd pleaser and therefore consciously or subconsciously reaches out to the audience beyond the normal impressive facts about football to the exciting and thrilling experiences of a player. This has the effect of growing multiple intentions and creating mixed reactions on the true purpose of the article. From a conscious stand one would draw a critique of the safety and actual rationale of the game beyond the impressive running and locking of horns between players. he introduces the piece with a rather fragile platform of argument â€Å"I’d known there was hitting in football but

U05a1 Project Annotated Outline and Annotated Bibliography Essay

U05a1 Project Annotated Outline and Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example health care is completely covered for and is accessible to all. This is a very common topic for almost all Americans. b) This makes the topic very important as it will permit getting a clear understanding of where the health care sector is headed and what is the future for the health care of the middle class American families. The document provides a clear report on the effects of the patients protection and affordable care act of 2009. The document is detailed with a clear explanation of the act and is very helpful in developing the study further. The above mentioned document provides a clear summary of the act and also provides a detailed explanation of the theory and the overall study which is very helpful for this study. This is an overall very helpful paper and is helpful in completion of this research. Dorgan, B. L. (2010). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act. Retrieved May 26, 2010, from Democratic Policy Committee: http://dpc.senate.gov/dpcdoc-sen_health_care_bill.cfm This website provides a detailed explanation of the act and is very insightful as it provides a through explanation of the topic and also provides insight into the benefits and drawback of the act as well. This website will prove to be very helpful for the research as it is a direct government website and is updated with the latest on the topic and all discussions regarding the topic are easily available in simple and straightforward language making it easier to follow and

The primary focus will be on the comprehensiveness of understanding Essay

The primary focus will be on the comprehensiveness of understanding the many components that are necessary to consider when desi - Essay Example The content of what children are taught in preschool and the method of teaching, or the curriculum is what measures the effectiveness and quality of learning in preschools. Programs focusing on serving 3- and 4-year-olds should decide the content of what children learn, as well as the best way to learn, if they are to improve children’s school success by enhancing their early skills and knowledge. The aim of this paper is to offer a framework that those making decisions can make use of when evaluating curriculums that would be suitable for a preschool program. Definition and scope of a preschool Children’s Health Encyclopedia defines a preschool as ‘an early childhood program in which children combine learning with play in a program run by professionally trained adults.’ Common enrolment years are children aged between ages three and five. Kids as young as two can attend preschools. While a daycare is to enable parents to work, preschool emphasis is on lear ning and development. Before the 1960s, education of young children was primarily the role of families within the home. Nowadays, most young children spend a big part of their time away from their parents. This may partly be attributed to an increase in the number of mothers working away from home. Parents also feel the desire to give their children a head start academically. The qualities of a good preschool, according to the National Institute for Early Education Research are: Helping children to expand their knowledge and build on their vocabulary Focus on literacy and language skills, plus and interactive book reading An emphasis on teaching children basic problem solving skills Learning beginning skills involving the alphabet, numerals and spatial awareness Preschools with the above qualities are only possible when the curriculum designed is good enough. That means the curriculum designer or decision-maker has in mind, the child, the parents and the teacher. For instance, when involving parents, the curricula can help make program-family partnerships or set up continuous meaningful communication with families. Curricular decisions should consider children’s ages, learning needs, cultural and linguistic backgrounds and economic status. Prior experience and training for the teacher is also important. Components of a Preschool Curriculum Given the many types of curriculum models available, there is an uncertainty regarding which models are appropriate for young children overall or more understandable to the population of the three and four year olds. Though the fields of early childhood advocates for programs that utilize what are known as Developmentally Appropriate Practices (Bredekampe & Kopple, 1997), it has not much research to endorse any single curriculum model as the best. Additionally, not a single state government or federal body directs use of just one particular curriculum in the publicly funded preschool programs. When the term curriculum is left undefined it may be very difficult to know what should be learned. It is also hard to sketch â€Å"the set of goals which are the aims of education for children† (as cited in Spodek & Saracho, 2003) in their programs, and what supports the â€Å"children’s physical, social, emotional, and cognitive growth† (as cited in Bowman et al., 2001). The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) and the National Associ

History of the Computer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

History of the Computer - Essay Example Even though Leonardo da Vinci made drawings of gear-driven calculators, he never built any, and it was in 1623 that Wilhelm Schickard invented the calculating clock. Later on, in 1642, Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline, a gear-driven calculador that could only add. Then Leibniz built a four-function calculator (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) that he called the Stepped Reckoner, which used fluted drums instead of gears. (Kopplin, 2002). In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the punched cards, which are still in use like in presidential ballots. By 1822, Charles Babbage obtained government funding to build what he called the Difference Engine, a steam-driven calculator. It was very difficult to build, and the machine was never finished. Then Babbage invented the Analytic Engine, using Jacquard's punched cards, adding the key function of the conditional statement. Babbage was a friend of Ada Byron, who is recognized as the first programmer thanks to her writings for the proponed Analytic Engine, which was never built. When the United States needed to speed up the census procedure, Herman Hollerith won a contest by using an invention of his own that used punched cards called the Hollerith Desk. "Hollerith's technique was successful and the 1890 census was completed in only 3 years at a savings of 5 million dollars." (Kopplin, 2002). Hollerith founded the company, the Tabulating Machine Company, which eventually beca me International Business Machines (IBM). IBM developed mechanical calculators for businessess, but the U.S. military needed more optimized calculators for scientific computation. As a result of this need, "the Harvard Mark I was built as a partnership between Harvard and IBM in 1944". (Kopplin, 2002). It was an electro-mechanical computer so it was very big and very noisy. It was also the first programmable digital computer made in the United States. In 1953, the first high-level language called Flowmatic was invented by Grace Hopper. This language was later known as COBOL. After using vaccum tubes and transistors for a while, then came the integrated circuit. "The primary advantage of an integrated circuit is not that the transistors (switches) are miniscule (that's the secondary advantage), but rather that millions of transistors can be created and interconnected in a mass-production process". (Kopplin, 2002). The integrated circuit was used by the early 1980's. One of the first attempts to build an all-electronic digital computer was undertaken by J.V. Atanasoff in 1937. By 1941 he and Clifford Berry built such a machine. It was the first to use binary arithmetic, but it was not programmable. During World War II the computer named Colossus was built by Britain for code breaking. "American and British computer pioneers were still arguing over who was first to do what, when in 1965 the work of the German Konrad Zuse was published for the first time in English." (Kopplin, 2002). Zuse built several computers in Nazi Germany. "The title of forefather of today's all-electronic digital computers is usually awarded to ENIAC, which stood for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. ENIAC was built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and 1945 by two professors, John Mauchly and the 24 year old J. Presper Eckert, who got funding from the war department after promising they could build a machine that would replace all

Analytical reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analytical reading - Essay Example Huang argues that Pomeranz and other scholars who write about the Chinese and European economies do from the point of view of their own countries and not from the point of view of the region in question. This is known as a lack of ethnocentricity in political science. What this means is that the political scientists resort to bias in favor of their own regions and also lack what is known as perceiving the world through the eyes of the inhabitants who are specific to the region in question. This apparent blindness towards the subject area is the lack of ethnocentric bias and this means that the scholars do not judge the subject material from the point of view of the subjects themselves. Huang is even handed when he points out studies by Chinese scholars fare no better when it comes to discourse on the European region and hence it is by no means settled that there is anything specific about claims made by both European and Chinese scholars. Hence, the criticism that Huang levels at Pomeranz is borne out by the lack of objectivity in Pomeranz’s analysis about the Chinese economy in the 18th century. Huang and Pomeranz contrast the differing ways in which the Chinese and European peasants went about their occupations by listing the differences that range from simple dietary practices to differences in clothing and other facets of agrarian life. Pomeranz quotes extensively from the data on the food habits of the peasants that include their calorie intake and other parameters that proved the premise that the Chinese were no worse when it came to food intake than their European counterparts. He further compares the non-grain intake with the consumption of meat and comes to the premise that the Chinese fared badly on this count due to the fact that they were pastoral in nature as compared to the meat eating Europeans. Whereas Huang

The ideas of marriage and roles of women Essay Example for Free

The ideas of marriage and roles of women Essay The ideas of marriage and roles of women are very dosely linked. Compare the portrayal of marriage and representation of women in the three texts studied. I am going to discuss, in this essay, the ideas of marriage and the roles of women at the times the three texts were set in, I shall also talk about how these marriages and roles are similar in the texts. To compare the portrayal of marriage and representation of women the three texts that were studied Stench of Kerosene, which was a short story written by Amrita Pritam. Stench of Kerosene was about a young Sikh married woman, called Guleri, who could not bear children and how society viewed and dealt with her due to this. It is a story of how she is seen as an outcast to the family so much so that the mother then brings a new wife into the household; to try to replace the old one; this then leads Guleri to suicide. The other texts studied were a short story in epistolary form called The Three Sisters and a novel called Pride and Prejudice. These two stories were both written by Jane Austen and both have very similar storylines. The Three Sisters is about a girl called Mary who receives a proposal from a very wealthy man, Mr Watts. Mary however finds Mr Watts to be extremely disagreeable and does not know whether to marry him or not. Similarly Pride and Prejudice is about a mother, Mrs Bennet, and her struggles of getting her children married to wealthy men. They both show societys views of women and how women themselves view marriage and their roles. All three texts show a good indication of how society portrayed women at that time. Stench of Kerosene was written in 1927 and was set in a small rural village in Punjab. It was originally written in Punjabi but was only translated in the 1960s. This story was more tragic that the other two stories as one of the main characters, Guleri, commit suicide. The way that Guleri kills herself is very tragic and shocking, as she seemed like a very happy and loved character. She kills herself by soaking herself in kerosene and setting herself alit. The reason behind Pritam putting this in is because she wanted to change how society viewed and treated women. In the story the society Guleri lived in and their expectations of her were strongly to blame for the outcome of the story. In the Sikh religion both men and women are seen as equal in the religious scriptures. However although Sikh women have right within the scriptures many of the scriptures are up to individual interpretation. Most men see the women are their possessions and therefore many men see it acceptable to have more than one wife, as Manaks mother did, regardless of what their present wife may think. There are many reasons to why men may take a second wife, the most common among the Sikh community at that time was because having more than one wife would increase the wealth of a man due to the brides family giving the husband a gift when the marriage was secure. This was known as a dowry. Men also married a second wife to produce an heir if their first wife was unable as it was the case in Stench of Kerosene. The story hints that the main reason behind Guleri committing suicide and the mother wanting Manak to have a second wife was that Guleri could not have children. Manaks mother role in society then was to bring up her children well and then to find a good daughter in law who could have children and carry on the family name. She was very narrow-minded and did what society expected of her. She felt that her decision for bringing a new wife into the family was justified, as that was what society expected her to do. She had fulfilled her role and the expectation that society had put upon her and now she wanted a daughter in law who would do the same. The mother was brought up and guided by the expectations of society and she felt that if she had gone against what society had expected of her then she would have ultimately become an outcast as society would have seen it as her not fulfilling her role as a mother. Guleri on the other hand, did not see it as Manaks mother fulfilling her role, but saw her interference as a punishment for not being able to fulfil expectations put on her by society. In the Sikh religion babies are of great importance and their birth is rejoiced by the family. The birth of a baby is seen as strengthening the stability of the marriage and ensuring the continuance of the family line. If a woman in the Sikh religion is unable to have children then she is unable to inherit land or money from her husband when he dies. They are seen as outcasts as they are not able to produce an heir. This meant that bearing children was an essential role of a Sikh woman and Guleri was unable to fulfil the role she was expected to and as a result Guleri was made to feel like a complete outcast by society. A wife in the Sikh religion has two main roles they are to have children and to look after her family. Guleri could not fulfil all of her duties and was disregarded and seen as an outcast by her family and society, she was seen as damaged. The new wife probably made Guleri feel as though she was damaged goods and so she was replaced by a new and working model. When Guleri heard of the second wife she felt let down by her husband and like he had abandoned her because she could not have a child. She felt as though she was indebted to suffer for her inadequacies. She felt lonely and unloved as if she was impure and saw the only way out as death. The symbolism behind Guleris death highlights the violence of it compared to the Sikh idea of death as being like sleep. The way that Guleri chose to kill herself created a dramatic and shocking effect and was seen as primal and more painful. It symbolised how much pain emotionally that Guleri was in. When Manak heard what had happened to Guleri he was mute with pain. Manak could be seen as a coward and a fool for not being stronger and for not standing up to his mother when she told him about getting a new wife, but it can be seen as not all being Manaks fault as he was brought up traditionally. He new his role as a man and a husband that was to be a loyal husband and to find a wife who would produce an heir to the family. He was taught to respect and obey his parents. Manak wanted to retort, you are a woman; why dont you cry like one for a change! But he remained silent. However if Manak had gone against what his mother wanted then he too would have become an outcast to society for going against his elders and not fulfilling his role as a man. The new wife however was probably made to feel like an outcast by Manak, as he knew that no one could ever replace Guleri. But by his mother the new wife fit in with the family, as she got pregnant quickly. The mother said at one point that she had spent five hundred rupees on the new wife, and this was probably a lot of money in those days, which suggests that some women married for money. This is similar in Pride and Prejudice as charlotte Lucas married Mr Collins because of his money. And also in The Three Sisters, Mary chooses to marry Mr Watts because he is a very wealthy man. This shows that the societies these stories are in are completely materialistic. Prtiam shows that the roles of women are completely dominated by men and society. It would be correct to say that if societys beliefs had not been so enforced upon women then Manak and Guleris marriage would have survived. I believe this as Sikh women have only three main concerns in life and they are to get married and have children, to look their families well and to get their children married off to good and wealthy families. This circle would therefore be enforced on many more generations to come and the main reason being is to have children. Stench of Kerosene had political reasons for it being published. Pritam saw that society needed to be changed and this story showed why and how women felt about was a stereotypical role of a Sikh woman was. The tone in which Pritam wrote this story was very serious and is not humorous at all, unlike Pride and Prejudice. She made it a serious story as Pritam felt very strongly about how women were portrayed and how they were rejected by society if they were unable to perform the roles that were expected of them. She wrote the story as a narrative and because of this we can see how Pritam feels about certain the roles of women. She uses objects to symbolise the characters emotions. She used the flute to tell us how Manak felt about Guleri leaving. Then putting the flute to his lips, blew a strange anguished wail. He expresses how he feels through the way he plays his flute, as he is unable to say it in words. Pritam gives us a more visual and better understanding of the point that she wants to put across, by using emotive language, for example: Manak, mute with pain, could only stare and feel his own life burning out. It gives us a more realistic feeling of the story and allows us to see just how devastated Manak is. We can tell that he is completely destroyed and will never get over what Guleri did. This is put across more clearly at the end when Manaks child is born and when he holds him for the first time, he is not the happy and joyous father that one would expect but instead he, he shrieked hysterically, Take him away! He stinks of kerosene. His reaction to his new child seems as though he feel guilty and somewhat responsible about what happened to Guleri. We can tell that what to Guleri did not only affect Manak but also the whole family, as the new wife will never be loved by Manak and nor will the new child as he will always be a constant reminder to Manak of something that he could never have with Guleri and the reason for her death. He will also always be very resentful towards his mother as she took away the one person he loved in the whole world with no thought to the consequences, and most of all Manak will probably never be able to forgive himself. There was a lot of pressure on women in those days to have children if they did not have children the women would be rejected by society and most just wanted to fit in. If Guleri had tolerated Manak having a second wife and gone back to live with the family despite this she would probably have been rejected. The Three Sisters was not published until quite awhile after it was written, in 1792. This story was set in London. The Three Sisters show that marriage was one of the only concerns of women in the 18th and 19th centuries. In Jane Austens time marriage was more or less then only way out of the parental house. There was no real way for women to be on their own or to have independence in those days. There were no professional jobs open to women and the few that there were, such as being a governess, were not very highly regarded, and either did not pay well or had very poor working conditions. Pride and Prejudice and the Three Sisters show this well as both Mrs Bennet, the mother in Pride and Prejudice, and Mrs Stanhope, the mother in The Three Sisters, main concern was to get all their children married. how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them. For I am determined not to let such an opportunity escape of settling one of my Daughters do advantageously. In The Three Sisters the arrangement of marriage is portrayed like prostitution, in that the way Mrs Stanhope is haggling over the price for Mary, and tries to get as much pin money for Mary from Mr Watts as she can. Remember the pin money: two hundred a year. A hundred and seventy five madam. Two hundred indeed, Sir. Said my mother. Mrs Stanhope also seems as though she is pimping her other daughter in case Mr Watt does not like or want Mary. In The Three Sisters the only factor Mrs Stanhope takes into account and uses to form her opinion of Mr Watts is how wealthy he is. In this way Mrs Stanhope and Mrs Bennet are very similar as she too forms an opinion by how wealthy a man is. A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls! She is determined to have Mr Watts as part of her family as he was a good man to know. In Mrs Stanhopes opinion the reason that Mr Watts wanted to marry Mary was because he wishes to be allied to the family and the way for a man to become allied with a family was to marry one of the daughters. This applied very much in Mr Watts case he did not care which daughter he married. Mrs Stanhope also wanted to be allied to Mr Watts as he had a higher status in society than she did and if one of her daughters married him then their familys status would also go higher. This is a similar situation to Pride and Prejudice as Mrs Bennet wanted Mr Collins to be allied with the family as he was quite a wealthy man and when Mr Collins proposed to Elizabeth Mrs Bennet put a lot of pressure on her to say yes by telling Elizabeth: Yes, or I will never see her again. Mrs Stanhopes main role as a mother and in story was to have children, make sure they are taken care of well, look after their husbands and run the home. Mrs Stanhope has a lot of power in this story as she is the one who decides which daughter shall get married and to whom. She could force one of her daughters to get married and they could not say no as it would be disrespectful to their mother. She exercises her power over her daughters when Mary is still trying to make up her mind over marry Mr Watts, by telling Mary that if she does not marry Mr Watts then Georgiana must. Mary is shown as I very materialistic and indecisive young girl. She marries Mr Watts because he is a very wealthy man. In letter one Mary tells us that she says Mr Watts is: He is extremely disagreeable and I hate him more than any body else in the world. Mary chooses to marry Mr Watts as sees it as a way of getting a higher status in society than the rest of her family. Which shows that she is similar to Lydia in Pride and Prejudice, as it seems as though she only married Mr Wickham to get a higher status than her family. Mrs Stanhope could easily push Mary into marring Mr Watts as Mary had made it very clear that she had wanted to get married before any of her sisters. I could not bear to have either of them married before me. Marys main role in society is to look after her husband and to have children to carry on the family. This is very similar to the society and the expectation of women in Stench of Kerosene. It is very clear that Mary has a one-track mind in that she is very unidealistic and feels as though Mr Watts should be grateful that she has accepted his proposal. She does not believe in marrying for love and thinks that if one of the couple loves the other then there is no need for the other to love them back. when there is so much love on one side, there is no occasion for it on the other. The Three Sisters is serious, formal and shows a harsher portrayal of women. However it is quite humorous in places compared to Stench of Kerosene. It was written when Austen was only a teenager when she wrote it and she was probably entering the marriage market herself. The characters in the story were probably someone that Austen could relate to as she herself was a teenager and was having similar problems as her characters were. Austen could relate to her characters and she often hid her views and thoughts behind her characters humour and fictional style writing. The story was quite controversial as it told us what women were like and how they really felt about issues then, but society was not interested about these things. Society looked down on anyone that was seen to speak up for women and were thought of and seen as abnormal, and their name and reputation was often destroyed. Austen wrote the story in a letter form as it allows us to see the reaction of characters better as it is they who are describing how they feel and what they think. It also allows us to get to know the characters better however not as well as in Pride and Prejudice. The main difference between these two stories is that Pride and Prejudice focuss more the reasons for getting married and the consequences of actions that women took. `Pride and Prejudice was written in 1813 and was set in Longbourne in Hertfordshire. Mrs Bennet is a stereotypical middle class woman in those days. She is materialistic, over dramatic and a gossip. These characteristics are portrayed in an exaggerated way. When we first meet Mrs Bennet we can see that she is a gossip. My dear, you must know, Mrs long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from north of England; Mrs Bennet appears to be a similar character to Mrs Stanhope, all she wants is for all her daughters to be married and taken care of. Her main role is to take care of her family and make she that her children get married. In Pride and Prejudice the men hold most of the power and this is shown many occasions in the Bennet household by Mr Bennet. An unhappy alterative is before you, Elizabeth. From this you must be a stranger to one of your parents. Your mother will never see you again if you do not marry Mr Collins, and I will never see you again if you do. It is clear that Mr Bennet did not marry Mrs Bennet for love. We can assume that Mr Bennet probably only proposed to Mrs Bennet because as a young lady she was very pretty and that he probably never knew what she was like. He puts up with by not taking her seriously. Because of the way that Mr Bennet treats his wife their children have grown up not taking their mother seriously and not having much respect for her. This shows most of all in Elizabeth by the way she acts around her mother. Elizabeth is strong minded and a very opinionative young lady. She is also her fathers favourite daughter and often gives him advice, which he rarely takes. Elizabeth does not believe in getting married for love and does not think she would get married. Lydia on the other hand was exactly like her mother. She was emotional, immature, she does not think but acts on impulses, which nearly brings her to ruins. Lydia would cross all the boundaries and broke all the codes that society had set for women, this was shown when Lydia runs off with Mr Wickham and she does not think of the affect it would have on her family or the distress it may cause them. As it was not expectable behaviour to run off and elope. Society looked down on it and it suggested that she had bad upbringing as she was disrespecting her parents by eloping. However in those days it was very important for a woman to get married, as that is what society expected of them. Unmarried women were a great burden to their families as they would have to live with their families or with family approved protectors, as it was unheard of for an unmarried woman to live by herself. Jane Austen, herself was a dependant as she was unmarried and was forced to live with relatives. Mary in Pride and Prejudice knew she would not get married as she was not as pretty as her other sisters so she concentrated on music and learning. Marriage to women then was not all about getting away from their parents but was one of the only ways in which women could gain financial security. By marring, women were entitled to an allotment of money each year, called pin money. This money was to be spent as she wished but not for household necessities. However an unmarried woman would and could only inherit money form her family if she had no brothers as they lived on a patriarchy society, in which men hold the power and women were largely excluded from. In Pride and Prejudice and The Three Sisters, they both seem to be set in a patriarchy society as the men hold the power in both the stories. However in Stench of Kerosene the mother holds the most power in the story, which is unusual. The women that Austen wrote about were showed as foolish, materialistic, gossips and were only concerned about how other familys saw them and who the would get married to. These characteristics are different to the way that Pritam portrays women in her story she shows them as innocent, loving, obedient, and respectful to their family and husband, as Guleri shows when she fell in love with Manak. If you want me go and ask my father for my hand. Pride and Prejudice was more humorous than The Three Sisters was, it took a more satirical approach rather than political one to get its points across. Austen blamed the traditions of society through the humour of her characters. All three stories allow us to see that the roles of women have been the same over the centuries and that they are not changing very much in a hurry. They allow us to that men have always held a very powerful role in the home and the way in which a woman is brought is depending on how society expects them to act. Society have always judged women and enforced their rules and boundaries upon them. If those rules are broken they are looked down upon and would be ultimately be outcast them.

Chronic Disease Risk Assessment Essay Example for Free

Chronic Disease Risk Assessment Essay When I did the assessment for chronic diseases I chose to do one for Diabetes because I am considered obese with a BMI of 39. 9 so with this certain risk factor of obesity I run the risk of developing diabetes, the assessment states â€Å"Compared to a typical woman my age, my risk of developing diabetes is above average† that is very scary because I know that diabetes can be dangerous and cause many other health problems, also it runs in my family, my father developed diabetes because of his weight, and now he does not have any working kidneys and has to do dialysis 4 days a week and requires a transplant, so my chances are high up there. There are a number of different types of diabetes, you have; Type 2, Type 1, Gestational diabetes, Pre-diabetes, lada, mody, Diabetes Insipidus, out of all these types there are some types of diabetes more prevalent than others, the most common type is Type Two, and this type can causes damage to both large and small arteries. This artery damage can result in medical problems, both common and serious; Heart attack, stroke, amputations, kidney failure, and blindness. Type Two can also cause damage to your nerves, you have a percentage of 60% to 70% of diabetics that develop diabetic nerve damage, with that you can result in the following health problems; Peripheral neuropathy, stomach and bowel problems, dizziness when standing, sexual-function problems, and localized nerve failures. With all of these health problems and potential complications you can significantly shorten the life of a person with type 2 diabetes. They all have the ability to diminish the quality of life. You can avoid these problems and even prevent them through diet and exercise, use of medication, and careful control of your blood sugar levels. With diabetes the best way of avoiding the risk of developing it is to avoid it altogether, you can make sure you talk with your doctor about your risk of getting diabetes and how to avoid it, start screening for early detection, these screening test will help to find diabetes when it is most likely to be treatable. With the screening test it will uncover the pre-diabetic state before your blood sugar rises. If you are considered over weight you should talk with your doctor about doing a screening test so that you catch it on time and are able to take care of it before it may cause any major problems. You can change your life style by getting more exercise and keeping more hysically fit, change your diet by replacing any unhealthy foods with more organic and nutritional foods, with the right amount of proper food and exercise you can take your own personal stand against diabetes, if you take the necessary steps to lose the weight you will lower your chances of developing diabetes, and extend your life expectancy, and you will not have to worry about developing any other health problems that diabetes may cause, diabetes is like a domino effect, once you have diabetes you can develop other health problems and all of them will have a negative effect on your life, making sure you lead a positive, an d healthy life style will lower your chances of developing diabetes or any other chronic disease that may reduce your longevity of life.

A Case Study On Nestle Lanka Plc Information Technology Essay

A Case Study On Nestle Lanka Plc Information Technology Essay The main purpose of this report is to conduct a study of cloud computing, its different concepts, the benefits and costs associated with it and how it can fit in to or improve Nestle Lankas existing IT infrastructure. The scope of this report includes an introduction to the company and the industry, its mission, corporate structure, business process, business strategy and relationships with external parties. This is followed by an analysis of the organizations IT infrastructure and the issues and challenges facing the management of IT. Then cloud computing is explained, and the benefits and costs related to it are discussed. After which, the solutions that can be recommended to be adopted are discussed. Relevant conclusions are then made based on these findings. The methods used in gathering information for this report include both primary (interviews) and secondary research (online journals, newspapers, magazines and publications). From the analysis it was revealed that Nestle Lanka has already adopted a part of cloud computing through the storage of its SAP related data at the Globe Data Center in Sydney. However, it also showed that certain non-core applications are carried outside of SAP which requires the data to be stored locally and brings with it other costs as well. Another interesting finding was the fact that Nestle Lanka did not possess any internet related infrastructure as they do not have a local website. The recommendations that were made based on these findings were to adopt Software as a Service model to find out similar applications for the processes which were done out of SAP. If this was not possible, the recommendation was to adopt the Platform as a Service model which would result in Nestle developing the application online and it being hosted by the vendor. The reasoning behind this was to lower that infrastructure costs on servers and maintenance. In addition, a recommendation was made to use the Platform as a Service model to create a local website for the company as it will require no capital investments. Further, this will enable the company to get closer to the consumer and provide greater satisfaction and carry out promotional activities without any cost. Nestlà © came to Sri Lanka over 100 years ago with the introduction of milk and infant foods to the local market. Over the years, the globally renowned multinational has extended its commitment to Sri Lanka at every opportunity, stressing the Nestlà © corporate proposition Good Food, Good Life. Nestlà © Lankas corporate head office is situated in Colombo, whilst manufacturing takes place at a state-of-the-art facility in Kurunegala. The Company employs over 1000 people directly and estimates its indirect employment generation to be in the region of 40,000. Almost 90 per cent of the Nestlà © products retailed in Sri Lanka are processed locally. Through the quality product range of brands such as MILO, NESTOMALT, MAGGI, CERELAC, NAN, LACTOGEN and NESCAFE, the Company has built trust and emotional bonds with consumers of all ages and from all walks of life. Many of the Nestlà © brands have become household names and for the most part are the market leaders. Furthermore, Nestlà © Lanka endeavours to play a role in promoting healthy lifestyles by incorporating a nutrition and wellness dimension into the majority of products. Fulfilling its social and environmental responsibilities to the country, Nestlà © Lanka is an integral part of the national community. The virtues of care and nurturing inherited from the parent company remain at the heart of the way it does business. Of particular pride is the Companys contribution to the sustainability of the dairy industry and the rural economy since its early years. Today, as the largest private sector buyer of fresh milk and coconuts, Nestlà © Lanka spends approximately LKR 1.5 billion each year, impacting the lives of  farmer families island-wide. Nestlà © Lanka went public in 1983 with around 9% of the shareholding now held locally. Currently market capitalisation is about LKR 37 billion (Colombo Stock Exchange, May 2011). Over the past few years the share has been amongst the markets top performers with an exceptional dividend cover. Committed to best practices, Nestlà © Lanka strives to maintain the highest standards of ethical and social conduct throughout the organisation and to create long-term sustainable value for all stakeholders. 1.2 Industry Background Nestle operates in the Food and Beverage industry which is growing at around 12% annually. It competes with both local and other multinational companies in the market. With the government targeting a GNP per capita of $4000 by 2014, demand will rise and competition for market share will be more intense. (Leading Edge, May 2011) 1.3 Mission The Annual Report for 2010 states that Our mission of Good Food, Good Life is to enhance the lives of Sri Lankan consumers with great tasting and nutritious products at affordable prices. 1.4 Corporate Structure Managing Director VP-Commercial VP-Supply Chain VP-Technical Company Secretary/Legal Officer VP- Finance VP Human Resources Head of Nestle Nutrition Head of Nestle Professional AVP National Sales AVP Food (Marketing) AVP Beverages (Marketing) AVP Dairy (Marketing) Production Manager 1 Production Manager 2 New Product Development Manager Recruitment Manager Training Manager Payroll ManagerThe above diagram depicts the organization hierarchy. 1.5 Business Process The main functions in the organization are Marketing, Supply Chain, Production and Sales. They are supported by the Finance, Human Resources, Information Systems and Legal functions. The marketing department works closely with supply chain (planning) to identify the correct demand which is then planned to be produced and the raw materials and packing materials purchased based on the requirements. As per the agreed plans, production produces the required stocks to meet the demand forecasted and that is distributed by the customer service and distribution function. The sales function ensures that the products are received where required and provides the required trade promotions to ensure that the product is selling. Marketing conducts its own brand promotions to create awareness of the products and ensure the effort made by the sales team is supported. Further, the New Product Development function performs a vital of introducing new products or developing existing products in coordination with Marketing and Supply Chain. 1.6 Business Strategy Nestle Lankais dedicated to guarantee consumer satisfaction by marketing the highest quality food products that meet the diverse and changing need of consumers, utilizing Nestlà ©s acknowledged worldwide technology experience. To our shareholders, we ensure a fair return on their investment. 1.7 Relationship with external parties Nestle has strong relationships with external parties such as the Sri Lanka Customs, Inland Revenue, Port Authority, freight forwarding companies, logistic companies, national authorities (for issuing licenses for imported products) and other service providers such as for telecommunication. The corporate (group) website is www.nestle.com. 2.0 IT infrastructure: issues and challenges 2.1 Organizations IT infrastructure Figure 5-10 The IT Infrastructure Ecosystem (Laudon and Laudon, 2010) is used to discuss the infrastructure as follows. Computer Hardware Platforms all machines provided by Hewlett Packard (HP). Operating System Platforms all machines use Microsoft Windows platform. Enterprise System Applications SAP for all core activities in Marketing, Supply Chain, Finance, Sales and Production and non-core activities are mentioned below (section 2.2) in detail. Networking/ Telecommunications networking hardware provided by IBM and Cisco, internet access is provided through British Telecom (BT) and telephone services are provided by four local operators (Dialog Axiata, Mobitel, Suntel and LankaBell). Consultants and System Integrators this is carried out in-house from our data center located in Sydney, Australia. Data Management and Storage all SAP related data are stored in IBM servers at our data center in Sydney; whilst the non-SAP system data are stored locally in SQL severs. Internet Platforms there exists no internet related infrastructure at Nestle Lanka as there is no localized website. 2.2 Issues and Challenges faced in the management of IT infrastructure With reference to the interview with the IT manager (refer appendix 7.1) the following provides a discussion of the issues and challenges facing the management of IT infrastructure. Due to Nestle being a large multinational, standardization of IT infrastructure is a requirement across all markets (countries). It is no different in Sri Lanka, where the infrastructure is much advanced than you would find in any other local company. This policy brings about many advantages and limitations. First, since all markets have to have the same infrastructure irrespective of its size, it will be more modern and up-to-date with the latest technology in place. This will mean enhance security measures for the company, which is vital to remain competitive in this fast-paced food and beverage industry. However, the advanced infrastructure does not come cheap as contracts are negotiated globally in dollar terms but when converted to rupees it is much higher whereas the infrastructure available in the market is although not of the same standard, will meet our local requirements and be less expensive. Hence, managing costs increases in line with this standardization policy is a challenge for the company. Training or user education is another problem the IT function faces when maintaining and upgrading this current infrastructure. Although, system and security updates take place through the data center in Sydney, the users dont comply with the changes until the last moment or wait until a problem arises to find out about the change. Further, the company has adopted applications outside of SAP for certain functions. They are for payroll, milk procurement, and gathering secondary sales data (from distributor point to end-customer). The data from these systems are stored locally in Lankaand along with server cost the company incurs yearly maintenance expenditure and licensing fees. 3.0 Cloud Computing: its business benefits and costs 3.1 Benefits of cloud computing As Mell and Grance (2011) defines, cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. There are three main service models in relation to cloud computing as mentioned by Mell and Grance (2011). They are: Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS) Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS) The first model is one that distributes applications hosted by a service provider over a network such as the Internet. Cloud computing based concepts such as SaaS remove the need for organizations to individually maintain a large amount of local servers, instead they would all be utilizing a shared resource. Further, Hayes (2008) shows that SaaS allows users to access the application regardless of time and location, giving them greater flexibility in carrying out their tasks. Saaksjarvi et. al. (2005) also shows that another one of the key benefits of SaaS is that version management is more convenient to the customer, since the vendor would be implementing upgrades on a regular basis. Other benefits cited by Saaksjarvi et. al. (2005) includes the notion that it enables the customer to get access to so called best-of-breed applications that might otherwise have been too costly for them to purchase. The next model (IaaS) is where a service provider outsources the equipment used to support operations, including storage, hardware, servers and networking components. The service provider owns the equipment and is responsible for housing, running and maintaining it. The client typically pays on a per-use basis (SearchCloudComputing.com, May 2011). The final service model is one where hardware, storage and network capacity can be rented over the Internet. The model permits the client to rent virtualized servers and associated services for running existing applications or developing and testing new ones (SearchCloudComputing.com, May 2011). 3.2 Risks of cloud computing Despite such an array of benefits, and as with any other such model, SaaS also comes along with a range of risks to both the client and the vendor. On the clients side, one of the primary concerns is on privacy and security. Hayes (2008) outlines how allowing a third party control over your files could potentially create a chaotic legal issue, especially in regard to what rights the vendor will have to the data on an occasion where the organization violates the contract. Hayes (2008) discusses a scenario in which a government agency serves a subpoena or a search warrant to the vendor. Had the organization had control of its data, it may have contested the order in court. But it is doubtful whether the vendor would go to court on the organizations behalf, and instead they might simply hand over the data over to the authorities. As such, according to this scenario, a company could have its data released to other parties without even being informed of it. Whether or not such a scenario is likely to materialize, its possibility should not be ignored and it would be advisable for IT managers to delve into such grey areas with the vendor prior to reaching an agreement. Another key concern mentioned by Saaksjarvi et. al. (2005) is that SaaS offers little in the way of customizing the software to suit the organizations specific needs. Customization of the software to suit the intricate business processes of the organization is essential if it hopes to achieve a competitive advantage. However, Jacobs (2005) points out that providing a relevant level of customization, although difficult, is certainly not impossible and in addition it would be advantageous to the vendor to go this extra mile since they can lock-in clients. Hoch et. al. (2001) voices the adverse effect from the limitations in the organizations internal networks. Bandwidth of the network will have to be increased to accommodate the constant connectivity demanded by the SaaS model. Any issue with the network can adversely affect the performance of the applications, and hinder dependent organizational tasks. Such a major concern should be meticulously examined and addressed by the organization so that they can ensure the availability of required infrastructure before adopting the SaaS model. Apart from the technical difficulties of SaaS, there could be adverse organizational effects as well in the form of employee resistance as they are very familiar with what they have now and to re-train them, will require tactful change management. 3.3 Costs involved in cloud computing When implementing cloud computing there will be limited capital expenditure on IT infrastructure. Servers required to store and run the applications will be provided by the vendor. However, the customer should have the adequate network and software (such as web browsers) capabilities to meet the applications requirement. The customer can save on the existing server, maintenance and licensing costs. The customer will be charged on a subscription basis based on the number hours/days/months used depending on the service level agreement signed by both parties. 4.0 Recommendation Due to the existence of our Globe Data Center located in Sydney, the option of adopting the Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) model is not practical as we possess our own private cloud. However, what can be recommended is to adopt cloud computing for the non-core applications that was identified in section 2.1 of this report. The reason that we cannot adopt SaaS for the existing ERP systems which covers our core processes is that Nestle requires that all regions have the same system, process and basically talk the same language. The non-SAP applications that have been developed as they cannot be customized in SAP to meet local requirements, for example the payroll system has to take into account the unique local employment law requirements. The milk procurement system had to be designed in a way to facilitate information gathering from all Nestle milk chilling centers across the island and as a result could not be done by SAP. Gathering secondary sales data also involves having SAP at all the distributor locations which would have been too costly. For the above mentioned applications it is possible to search for online versions that support cloud computing such as through SalesForce.com or NETSUITE. If no such applications exist then, we can look at developing a similar application using the Platform as a Service (PaaS) model using platforms such as Microsoft Azure and Googles App Engine. The obvious benefit here would be saving hardware costs as well as maintenance costs in the long run but Nestle will have to spend on the development costs in the short-term. From the IT infrastructure model analyzed in section 2.1 it is evident that Nestle Lankadoes not possess any internet related infrastructure as there is no local website. Having its own website, will allow Nestle to get much closer to its customers and be in its self a promotional medium. Conventionally having an internet related platform would mean cost incurred on servers as well as software licensing fees. But, through the use of PaaS service model, Nestle Lankacan build its own website without incurring any capital expenditure and meet is vision of guaranteeing consumer satisfaction. For example, Kia Motors in North America launched its own website using the Microsoft Azure platform (Microsoft.com, May 2011). 5.0 Conclusion The findings of this report reveal that there are non-core applications that are being used along with SAP. These applications cost the company in terms of server, maintenance and license fees. This can be reduced or avoided in the long-term if the company adopts cloud computing in the form of either software as a service or platform as a service. Further, it was found that the company doesnt have any internet related infrastructure as it does not have a website. A less costly and capital intensive way of creating such a website would be to adopt the platform as a service model. The creation of a website will enable the company to get closer to its consumers and better engage them. It could also be a free source of promotion for the companys many brands.

The Battle of D-Day :: essays research papers

The Battle of D-Day Introduction I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What were the events that happened before D-Day? A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When would the invasion happen? B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The build up of men, boats, and planes in England. C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The invasion was postponed. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The invasion begins. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When and where did the invasion happen? B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What happened at the five landing sites? C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What went wrong? III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The invasion ends. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How long did it take? B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How many men were lost? Conclusion Final Thesis: D-Day was a prominent event in history, and there were many events that happened on and before that day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have you ever been a part of something big? Maybe a it was a big game or something very important. Well I will be telling you about the D-Day invasion. All of the people that took part in this invasion had that feeling of being part of something big. This battle marked the being of the end of World War II. D-Day was a prominent event in history, and there were many events that happened on and before that day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Allied nations had chosen May 1944 for the invasion. There were problems with making the landing crafts, which forced postponement until June. Eisenhower, on May 17, fixed June 5, as the day for the invasion. Eisenhower and his subordinates decided on a 24-hour delay. This required the recall of ships that had already gone to sea. Then on the morning of June 5, the Ok was given for the invasion to start.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were five beaches that were going to land on, each with its own code name. The first beach on the right was code named â€Å"Utah†. The second beach from the right was â€Å"Omaha†. â€Å"Gold† was the center beach. The second beach from the left was code named â€Å"Juno†. â€Å"Sword† Beach was the beach farthest on the left.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  James Martin Stagg was the chief meteorological adviser to General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Stagg was the head of the committee of meteorologists, who’s job it was to forecast weather conditions in the English Channel during the days and weeks leading up to D-Day. The landing was to be any day between June 5 and 7. The first day of June saw low-laying rain clouds, high winds, and stormy seas, which would disrupt the crossing of the Channel on the morning of June 4. Eisenhower who postponed the invasion do to weather. That night Stagg told Eisenhower that the weather should be ok on the 6th of June. Eisenhower listened to him and the invasion toke place on June 6,1944.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"As it happened, weather did not seriously disrupt the D-Day landings, though the poor conditions had lulled the German defenders into thinking that an Allied

The Effect of Cohabitation on Marriage Essay -- Compare Contrast Essay

Abstract The Effect of Cohabitation on Marriage Several published studies look at the increase in premarital cohabitation and the effect of premarital cohabitation on the traditional marriage relationship from the 1960s to present. Issues considered are marital satisfaction, marital stability, marital communication, and incidents of divorce within each group. Contrary to common perceptions, studies on couples who cohabitated prior to marrying indicate marriages that are less satisfactory, less stable, report poorer communication and higher incidents of divorce when compared to couples who did not cohabitate prior to marriage. Factors that attempt to explain these results are explored. The Effect of Cohabitation on Marriage Finding a compatible partner and getting married is the dream for the majority of people in America. Statistics show that approximately 95% of all people will be married at some point in their lives (Cherlin, 2002). However, marriage is coming to be considered more of a short-term and an economic arrangement by many and less of a life-time commitment (Risch, Riley & Lawler, 2003; Seltzer, 2000). It is true that divorce is becoming less stigmatized and is a more frequent event with a current divorce rate of approximately 40% for first marriages (Risch, Riley & Lawler, 2003). It is also true that cohabitation is becoming a more common and accepted way to live. It is estimated that between 50% and 60% of all people will live together before marrying (Cherlin, 2002, Seltzer, 2000; Teachman, 2003). Cohabitation is defined as the sharing of a household by unmarried persons who have a sexual relationship (Cherlin, 2002). Many couples make the decision to cohabitate in order to see if they are compatible and ... ...: Quality or commitment? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54: 159-267. Treas, J. & Giesen, D. (2000). Sexual infidelity among married and cohabiting Americans. Journal of Marriage & the Family, Vol. 62, 48-60. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2000). Statistical abstract of the United States: 2000. Washington, CD: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved on March 14, 2004, from http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/p20-537.pdf Watson, R. E. L. (1983). Premarital cohabitation vs. traditional courtship: Their effects on subsequent marital adjustment. Family Relations. 32, 139-147. Wineberg, H. (1994). Marital reconciliation in the United States: Which couples are successful? Journal of Marriage & the Family, Vol. 56, 80-88. Wu, Z. (1999). Premarital cohabitation and the timing of first marriage. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 36, 109-127.

How Does Iago Persuade Othello Essay -- essays research papers

In Act 3 Scene 3, how does Iago persuade Othello of Desdemona’s supposed infidelity? Act 3 Scene 3 is, arguably, the most important scene in the entire play, for it is the point of no return. It is as if for the entire beginning of the play you were pushing a huge boulder up a steep mountain, and in this scene you reach the top, and push it down the other side, helpless to stop it. This is how I see the action in Othello. Iago spends the whole time plotting, and conspiring with the audience, and in this scene you can actually pinpoint the line where he finally pushes Othello over the edge. Iago manages this in several ways, through imagery, ‘sewing the seed’ in Othello’s mind, and reverse psychology. However all of these ways boil down to one thing, Iago, throughout the play, plays on Othello’s own insecurities about race, and Desdemona. Iago’s language throughout the scene is very rich and amazingly descriptive so much so that it actually acts as a projector, projecting vivid, clear pictures into the audience’s, and more importantly, Othello’s mind. This is more evident in the later part of the scene, and there is one particular speech I wish to isolate. Iago’s speech, lines 407 to 423, is where the richest image is created in the scene. He is describing a night through which he lay with Cassio, and witnessed a so-called dream. In this dream, Cassio is meant to have said “S...

Early Religion Essay

Religion is something unique to a man. It makes us different from any other animals. Nowadays, religion has a great impact on man’s life. It one of the major factors why man still manage to survive in this cruel and unfair life. It helps man to keep holding on especially in times of down. It is something man can lean on. But those religions we are affiliated today are not the exact same religion in the early times. Even the simplest religion has a very complex history indeed. Religions have developed over thousands of years ago due to its adaptation to environmental changes such as social and ecological (Hopfe and Woodcraft, p. 15) Although archaeologists and anthropologists have found remains and of ancient people and society, still, evidences for early religions were hard to interpret. Writings were very few because they don’t actually write in their times. They preferred vocal communication. Sad to say but these gave us limited knowledge of early religions. However, their arts and symbols somehow gave little information about their religion. There was also transmission of myths from one generation to another. Stories about gods’ relationship with man are common to every religion. These stories are myths telling the truth about the religion. It helps man visualize abstract concepts (Hopfe and Woodcraft, p. 25). Like every other religion today, early religion also has initiation. After proper training, a man or woman will be initiated which serve as the end of their social cohesion and individual fulfillment (Ellwood and McGraw, p. 31. ). Shamans have a big role in spirituality of early religion. They are believed to have special powers like healing and confronting gods. Ceremonies and rituals that went with hunting and gathering were also present (Ellwood and McGraw, p. 49). Early religion, even somehow have a lot of difference with today’s religion, have shaped the lives of early people. Just like today, religion is a part of their everyday lives. Whatever the differences they may have, religion still have one good reason for existence—guidance to mankind. References: Ellwood, Robert S. and McGraw, Barbara A. Many Peoples, Many Faiths: Women and Men in the World Religions, Seventh Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 2002 Hopfe, Lewis M. and Woodcraft, Mark R. Religions of the World, Eighth Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 2001

Operating Systems on the Internet Pos/355

Operating Systems on the Internet An online operating system is an operating system that is run online. The online operating system runs on a server that is on the Web. According to the web site, www. thefreedictionary. com (2003) the definition of an operating system is, â€Å"Software designed to control the hardware of a specific data-processing system in order to allow users and application programs to make use of it. † This applies to the online operating system, except that the operating system is available, online. There are many different operating systems n the internet that provide users the ability to access their data from anywhere in the world. An online operating system is also known as a Web operating system or Web OS. It is similar to a regular operating system but it is provided on the internet and allows users to access it from any Web browser. The are many different operating systems available on the internet, here are just a few; ICLOUD, GLIDE OS 3. 0, G. H O. ST, JOLICLOUD, and EYEOS. Many of the Web OS’s mentioned above provide the same type of benefits as an operating system, but it is done on the Web. For instance, the ICLOUD, created by Apple Inc. provides online file system and 50GB of online storage. According to the article written by Macworld Staff (2011), â€Å"In short, iCloud is a catchall phrase that covers Apple’s entire suite of wireless sync and backup services, which aim to keep you device-both iOS, and desktop computers running OS X Lion, Windows Vista, or Windows 7-on the same page, no matter which one you’re using at any given moment. † The iCloud also provides direct access to the user iCloud from Windows Explorer. The Glide OS 3. 0 provides 10GB of online virtual disk space, office tools, Web site creators and file sharing. G. ho. t which stands for Global hosted operating system provides almost the same features as a physical desktop computer, but online. The users can use file storage , sharing, and collaboration. The Jolicloud is used for net books and compatible with Linux, Windows, and AIR. eyeOS is a cloud computing Web desktop that is used by one user or an organization. The account can be created on the eyeOS server and performs as a platform for web application. This is just a small example of the types of WebOS that is available online. Some of these online operating systems can function just like a personal computer operating system.They provide the user the opportunity to store information on an online hard disk, create file management, use of utilities, saving and retrieving documents, and they are accessible where ever a company or individual can access the web. This makes it mobile and a great feature for those that rely on their portable devices, especially phones. On the go operating systems that are accessible on any device that supports Web browsing, what a great idea. Now, individuals can store their documents, pictures, music, and photos online , without having to use any storage space on their individual computers, work computers, laptops, or work computer’s.Individuals and companies can also use their mobile devices and hook them up to printers or other computers. They can also sync their information via Wi-Fi or through Bluetooth, to their computers or portable devices. References Macworld. (2011, June 8). iCloud: what you need to know. Retrieved from http://www. macworld. com/article/1160380/icloud_what_you_need_to_know. html The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.. (2003). Operating System. Retrieved from http://www. thefreedictionary. com/operating+system

Journal Critique By Harsha Sooka

The introduction of the article starts off with why the study was conducted, due to the discovery of causality amongst patients who had used gadolinium based contrast agents. Nephritic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF) was the disease caused by the use of the gadolinium based contrast agent. Once again the introductions lacks literature on what this disease actually was or how the gadolinium based contrast agent caused it. The Introduction then goes Into the history of the different contrast agent and non-contrast agent magnetic assonance angiography methods.Then towards the end of the Introduction the alma of the research that was conducted was mentioned, which Is a good idea as It brings the reader, back in to understanding as to why the research was conducted. Moving on to the next part which is the methods which was explained by the authors in much detail as to what they exactly did to study the different patients, what ages and sexes of patients that took part in the research and how the research was in line with the ethics and law.Which is in fact a good start which to the methods, which shows the reader that the research was conducted ethically and according to law. The methods then go into how the study was compared with deferent sequences which are AD OTF and a TRANCE covering the kidney and pelvic vessels, a AD OTF, a AD PC and a AD B-SSP covering the aortic bifurcation and pelvic vessels. The authors also mentioned what was outcome that was to be compared and also one type MR.. Machine that was used In the whole study (Phelps 1.T Cochlea). The results contained the outcomes of the study, which were the quality of the image from the different sequences and also the factor of time taken for each of the sequence. Which was placed in tables and images and used to compare the discussion part of the article and towards the end of the result paragraph all the sequences were ranked according to all evaluated parameters. The end of discussion touched limitations and al so gave advantage of using non-contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography.The conclusion finishes off with the explanation as to how the authors are positive that Non-contrast enhanced MR.. Offers a safe preoperative examination for assessment of pelvic vessel status before kidney trans- plantation without any risk of NSF, nonprescription or radiation. They also lastly touched as to which of the sequences were recommended and how Important It was do prevent such complications caused. This Is a nice short and simple paragraph that does have a strong effect on the reader as to how their aim was successfully achieved and how

Radiotherapy Treatment Cancerous Diseases Clinac Health And Social Care Essay

Radiotherapy intervention has a important and critical axial rotation in the intervention of cancerous diseases. Different types of techniques were used for this intent. In past, conventional radiation therapy technique was used. But it did non efficaciously used for intervention of tumours located in sensitive countries of homo organic structure which have limited tolerance for radiation doses [ 1 ] .Modern twenty-four hours radiation therapy consists of 3D conformal radiation therapy and strength modulated radiation therapy ( IMRT ) . After the development of oculus position show of beam, 3D conformal radiation therapy was used for clinical intent in 1978. [ 2 ] ( Reinstein et Al. ( 28 ) and McShan et Al ) In 3D conformal radiation therapy, present the high doses to aim volume while determining the beam to minimise the dosage to the environing normal tissues. To avoid the inauspicious effects of radiations during intervention, protect the normal tissues by determining the intervention Fieldss with lead blocks [ 12 ] . In this procedure, 3D image computing machine imaging and magnetic resonance imagination ( CT, MRI ) are used to turn up the tumours and other septic variety meats accurately [ 13 ] . In this technique we could non used more than four intervention field programs before the development of MLCs in CLINAC [ 14 ] . After the development of MLCs, it is possible to protect the normal tissues by determining the intervention Fieldss to present the high doses to the mark volume accurately. In some instances like prostate, caput and cervix, it is impossible to salvage normal tissues during the bringing of high energy dosage to the tumour even by utilizing the 3D conformal technique [ 15 ] . For this intent a new technique Intensity modulated radiation therapy was introduced. In this technique, a patient is treated from a figure of different waies by utilizing a non unvarying intense beam. In IMRT technique, it is possible to present the high doses to aim volume while determining the beam to minimise the dosage to the environing normal tissues. It is achieved by utilizing compensators, cuneuss or MLCs. [ 16 ] IMRT techniques are dearly-won and significantly complex than 3D CRT. In radiation therapy intervention, radiations are used for malignant neoplastic disease intervention by avoiding the healthy tissues. These radiations destroy malignant neoplastic disease infected cells wholly. Generally radiation beams of X raies, gamma beams, and negatrons are used during intervention of malignant neoplastic disease diseases. In radiation therapy, assorted types of machines are used for the intervention of malignant neoplastic disease tumours by utilizing high energy photons and negatron beams [ 1 ] . In early 1900 ‘s, ace electromotive force and low energy X raies machines were used for malignant neoplastic disease intervention. But these machines could non handle the deep sitting tumours due to their hapless deepness dose distribution [ 2 ] . In 1950s, with the development of first practical mega-voltage machine Co-60, it was possible to handle deep seated tumours with photons. As the beginning of radiation in Co-60 unit has no point beginning, so its dimensions produce the geometric and transmittal penumbra. [ 3 ] Due to this penumbra, the dose distribution is non unvarying at the field border. Therefore Co-60 unit does non supply the ideal deepness dose distribution at the field edges. After the development of magnetron or klystrons, microwave tubings, charge atoms were accelerated by high frequence electromagnetic moving ridges through these tubings. For this intent foremost additive gas pedal were developed in 1950s. [ 4 ] In 1953 first medical linear gas pedal was used in Hammersmith Hospital in London [ 5 ] . At the beginning, accurate bringing of radiations to septic cells of a patient was major job. To decide this job, British Institute of Radiology ( BIR ) compiled a cardinal axis dose distribution informations, published in British diary of Radiology ( BJR ) supplement 5 in 1953. [ 1 ] Clinical additive gas pedal ( CLINAC ) is a megavoltage machine with less geometric and transmittal penumbra, used for malignant neoplastic disease intervention [ 6 ] . Clinical additive gas pedal has quickly improved its design and engineering with the transition of clip. A modern twenty-four hours computing machine controlled clinical additive gas pedals with double energy and multileaf collimators ( MLC ) technique provides fast, more accurate and precise dose bringing to the malignant neoplastic disease infected cells by avoiding the normal environing tissues [ 7 ] . It provides both negatrons and X-ray photons of assorted mega electromotive force energy scopes. In modern twenty-four hours additive gas pedal, high energy negatrons are produced which are used for superficial tumours. These negatrons are besides used to bring forth high energy x beams which are used for deep sitting tumours [ 8 ] .The Role of Medical PhysicistsThe medical physicists must carry through following dut ies before choice of CLINAC To develop demands, specifications and recommendations for the choice of the CLINAC To program and supervise the building installations including screening design to house the CLINAC. To supervise all the installing processs To execute credence testing of the machine To execute commissioning of the machine for clinical intent To come in all get informations during commissioning into intervention planning system To set up new processs for the effectual and safety usage of gas pedal To set up processs for quality confidence and quality control on the day-to-day footingAcceptance TestAfter the installing of radiation therapy machine, for credence trial a series of undertakings and measurings must execute to verify the specifications and safety criterion. In credence trial, physicists must verify three chief processs Safety cheques Mechanical cheques Dosimetry measurings In safety cheques, the medical physicists must verify that all interlocks and warning visible radiations are proper operation. In mechanical cheques, it must guarantee that all the parts of intervention unit including intervention tabular array are accurately working. In dosimetry measurings, specifications and uniformity of photon and negatron beams verified.CommissioningAfter complete and satisfactory credence trial, it is non possible to utilize clinical additive gas pedal ( CLINAC ) straight for intervention intent. All informations acquired during the credence proving are non sufficient to committee a radiation therapy machine in the intervention planning system. Commission is the procedure of fixing the processs, protocols, instructions and dosimetry informations for clinical prospectus. AAMP codification of pattern for gas pedals ( TG 45 ) provides elaborate information about all these commissioning processs and besides discuses the demands for specific beam informations. All measurings of commissioning should be made by to the full trained and qualified medical physicist. During commissioning, following undertakings must be achieved. Acquire all informations for external beam radiation therapy for intervention intent. Form all informations into a dosimetry informations book Enter all information into the intervention planning system ( TPS ) Develop all intervention planning processs Verifying the truth of all processs Establish quality control processs Training all individuals Machine-specific beam informations for commissioning is extremely dependent on the dose calculation- algorithms used in the intervention planning system. The model-base dose calculation-algorithms ( convolution/superposition ) require much less measured informations than correction-based algorithms ( tantamount TAR, etc. ) . Irrespective of the dose calculation-algorithm, it is necessary to hold a minimal dataset for several energy scopes of photon and negatron beams that includes Percentage deepness dosage ( unfastened, cuneus ) for several field sizes Off axis unfastened and wedge beam profiles ( cross plane, In plane ) for all field sizes End product factors Wedge factors ( difficult and practical ) Calibrated dose rate Effective beginning to come up distance ( merely for negatron ) It is ensured that all beam and dosimetry informations acquired during commissioning of CLINAC must compare with all the specifications and published informations of the same available theoretical account. It is strongly recommended that all the processs of commissioning must be carefully executed and planned because all the get beam informations is used for patient ‘s intervention. Therefore, for completion of all undertakings and measurings in commissioning, an appropriate clip tabular array must be scheduled. All the undertakings achieved during commissioning procedure of CLINAC can be estimated to necessitate 1 to 2 hebdomad per energy.Percentage Depth DosePercentage deepness dosage is defined as the ratio of absorbed dosage at any depth D on the cardinal axis of beam to absorbed dosage at Dmax multiplied by 100. ( F. Khan ) Percentage deepness dosage It depends upon a figure of parametric quantities beam energy, beam collimation, deepness D, field size degree Fahrenheit, and beginning to come up distance ( SSD ) .Beam ProfileThe uniformity of off axis deepness dosage normally called beam profile is measured by scanning the H2O apparition for assorted deepnesss both beam axes. Following parametric quantities are measured to look into the uniformity of the beam profiles.Two-dimensionalityTwo-dimensionality can be specified as a maximal allowable per centum fluctuation from the norm dose across the cardinal 80 % of the full breadth at half maximal ( FWHM ) of the profile in a plane transverse to the beam axis. That is, the two-dimensionality F is given by Two-dimensionality must be less than 3 % for mention field size 10 ten 10 centimeter measurings in H2O apparition at deepness of 10 centimeter and beginning to surface ( SSD ) .SymmetrySymmetry is frequently defined as a maximal allowable per centum divergence of the â€Å" left-side † dosage from the â€Å" right-side † dosage of a beam profile frequently at 80 % of the FWHM points. Symmetry must be less than 2 % for mention field size 10 ten 10 centimeter measurings at deepness of Dmax and 10 centimeter in H2O apparition at SSD 100 centimeter.Physical PenumbraThe penumbra, by and large defined as the sidelong distance between the 80 % and 20 % of upper limit dose points on one side of a beam profile, must be within specification. It depends upon deepness, SSD, beginning size, beginning to collimator distance and beam energy. ( Ervin page196 ) Since commissioning beam informations are treated as a mention and finally used by intervention be aftering systems, it is vitally of import that the collected informations are of the highest quality to avoid dosi metric and patient intervention mistakes that may later take to a hapless radiation result.Output FactorEnd product is defined as the ratio of the end product in air for a given field to that for a mention field. It is the merchandise of collimator spread factor and apparition spread factor. It depends upon field size. It increases with field size. It is measured for each field size at a fixed deepness Dmax.Wedge FactorThe cuneus factor is defined as the ratio of dosage at a specified deepness normally Dmax on the cardinal axis with the cuneus in the beam to the dosage under the same status without the cuneus. Wedge factor alterations at deepness as a map of cuneus angle fading coefficient and field size. It does non depend on deepness. Wedge factor for practical cuneus is one because the figure of monitor units entered at control console, are delivered at the cardinal axis.